Hw Answer Operation Management Heizer Ch 4

4. 9 [pic] (c)? MAD (two-month moving average) = . 075 MAD (three-month moving average) = . 088 |Table for Problem 4. (a, b, c) | | | | |Forecast | ||Error| | | | |Two-Month |Three-Month |Two-Month |Three-Month | | |Price per |Moving |Moving |Moving |Moving | |Month |Chip |Average |Average |Average |Average | |January |$1. 0 | | | | | |February |? 1. 67 | | | | | |March |? 1. 70 |1. 735 | |. 035 | | |April |? 1. 85 |1. 685 |1. 723 |. 165 |. 127 | |May |? 1. 90 |1. 775 |1. 740 |. 125 |. 160 | |June |? 1. 87 |1. 75 |1. 817 |. 005 |. 053 | |July |? 1. 80 |1. 885 |1. 873 |. 085 |. 073 | |August |? 1. 83 |1. 835 |1. 857 |. 005 |. 027 | |September |? 1. 70 |1. 815 |1. 833 |. 115 |. 133 | |October |? 1. 65 |1. 765 |1. 777 |. 115 |. 127 | |November |? 1. 70 |1. 675 |1. 27 |. 025 |. 027 | |December |? 1. 75 |1. 675 |1. 683 |. 075 |. 067 | | | | |Totals |. 750| |. 793| | | | | | | | | | | |4. 9 |(d)? Table for Problem 4. 9(d): | | | | |( = . 1 | | |( = . 3 | | |( = . | |Month |Price per Chip |Forecast ||Error| |Forecast ||Error| |Forecast ||Error| | |January |$1. 80 |$1. 80 |$. 00 |$1. 80 |$. 00 |$1. 80 |$. 00 | |February |1. 67 |1. 80 |. 13 |? 1. 80 | . 13 |? 1. 80 |. 13 | |March |1. 70 |1. 79 |. 09 |? 1. 76 | . 06 |? 1. 74 |. 04 | |April |1. 85 |1. 78 |. 07 |? 1. 74 | . 11 |? 1. 72 |. 13 | |May |1. 0 |1. 79 |. 11 |? 1. 77 | . 13 |? 1. 78 |. 12 | |June |1. 87 |1. 80 |. 07 |? 1. 81 | . 06 |? 1. 84 |. 03 | |July |1. 80 |1. 80 |. 00 |? 1. 83 | . 03 |? 1. 86 |. 06 | |August |1. 83 |1. 80 |. 03 |? 1. 82 | . 01 |? 1. 83 |. 00 | |September |1. 70 |1. 81 |. 11 |? 1. 82 | . 12 |? 1. 83 |. 13 | |October |1. 65 |1. 80 |. 5 |? 1. 79 | . 14 |? 1. 76 |. 11 | |November |1. 70 |1. 78 |. 08 |? 1. 75 | . 05 |? 1. 71 |. 01 | |December |1. 75 |1. 77 |. 02 |? 1. 73 | . 02 |? 1. 70 |. 05 | | | | | 4. 41? (a)? It appears from the following graph that the points do scatter around a straight line. [pic] (b)? Developing the regression relationship, we have: (Summer |Tourists |Ridership | | | | |months) |(Millions) |(1,000,000s) | | | | |Year |(X) |(Y) |X2 |Y2 |XY | |? 1 |? 7 |1. 5 |? 49 |? 2. 25 |10. 5 | |? 2 |? 2 |1. 0 | 4 |? 1. 00 |? 2. 0 | |? 3 |? 6 |1. 3 |? 36 |? 1. 69 |? 7. 8 | |? 4 |? 4 |1. 5 |? 16 |? 2. 25 |? 6. 0 | |? 5 |14 |2. 5 |196 |? 6. 25 |35. 0 | |? |15 |2. 7 |225 |? 7. 29 |40. 5 | |? 7 |16 |2. 4 |256 |? 5. 76 |38. 4 | |? 8 |12 |2. 0 |144 |? 4. 00 |24. 0 | |? 9 |14 |2. 7 |196 |? 7. 29 |37. 8 | |10 |20 |4. 4 |400 |19. 36 |88. 0 | |11 |15 |3. 4 |225 |11. 56 |51. 0 | |12 |? 7 |1. 7 |? 49 |? 2. 89 |11. 9 | and (X = 132, (Y = 27. 1, (XY = 352. 9, (X2 = 1796, (Y2 = 71. 59, [pic] = 11, [pic]= 2. 6. Then: [pic] andY = 0. 511 + 0. 159X (c)? Given a tourist population of 10,000,000, the model predicts a ridership of: Y = 0. 511 + 0. 159 ( 10 = 2. 101, or 2,101,000 persons. (d)? If there are no tourists at all, the model predicts a ridership of 0. 511, or 511,000 persons. One would not place much confidence in this forecast, however, because the number of tourists (ze ro) is outside the range of data used to develop the model. (e)? The standard error of the estimate is given by: (f)? The correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination are given by: [pic] ———————– [pic][pic] Hw Answer Operation Management Heizer Ch 4 4. 9 [pic] (c)? MAD (two-month moving average) = . 075 MAD (three-month moving average) = . 088 |Table for Problem 4. (a, b, c) | | | | |Forecast | ||Error| | | | |Two-Month |Three-Month |Two-Month |Three-Month | | |Price per |Moving |Moving |Moving |Moving | |Month |Chip |Average |Average |Average |Average | |January |$1. 0 | | | | | |February |? 1. 67 | | | | | |March |? 1. 70 |1. 735 | |. 035 | | |April |? 1. 85 |1. 685 |1. 723 |. 165 |. 127 | |May |? 1. 90 |1. 775 |1. 740 |. 125 |. 160 | |June |? 1. 87 |1. 75 |1. 817 |. 005 |. 053 | |July |? 1. 80 |1. 885 |1. 873 |. 085 |. 073 | |August |? 1. 83 |1. 835 |1. 857 |. 005 |. 027 | |September |? 1. 70 |1. 815 |1. 833 |. 115 |. 133 | |October |? 1. 65 |1. 765 |1. 777 |. 115 |. 127 | |November |? 1. 70 |1. 675 |1. 27 |. 025 |. 027 | |December |? 1. 75 |1. 675 |1. 683 |. 075 |. 067 | | | | |Totals |. 750| |. 793| | | | | | | | | | | |4. 9 |(d)? Table for Problem 4. 9(d): | | | | |( = . 1 | | |( = . 3 | | |( = . | |Month |Price per Chip |Forecast ||Error| |Forecast ||Error| |Forecast ||Error| | |January |$1. 80 |$1. 80 |$. 00 |$1. 80 |$. 00 |$1. 80 |$. 00 | |February |1. 67 |1. 80 |. 13 |? 1. 80 | . 13 |? 1. 80 |. 13 | |March |1. 70 |1. 79 |. 09 |? 1. 76 | . 06 |? 1. 74 |. 04 | |April |1. 85 |1. 78 |. 07 |? 1. 74 | . 11 |? 1. 72 |. 13 | |May |1. 0 |1. 79 |. 11 |? 1. 77 | . 13 |? 1. 78 |. 12 | |June |1. 87 |1. 80 |. 07 |? 1. 81 | . 06 |? 1. 84 |. 03 | |July |1. 80 |1. 80 |. 00 |? 1. 83 | . 03 |? 1. 86 |. 06 | |August |1. 83 |1. 80 |. 03 |? 1. 82 | . 01 |? 1. 83 |. 00 | |September |1. 70 |1. 81 |. 11 |? 1. 82 | . 12 |? 1. 83 |. 13 | |October |1. 65 |1. 80 |. 5 |? 1. 79 | . 14 |? 1. 76 |. 11 | |November |1. 70 |1. 78 |. 08 |? 1. 75 | . 05 |? 1. 71 |. 01 | |December |1. 75 |1. 77 |. 02 |? 1. 73 | . 02 |? 1. 70 |. 05 | | | | | 4. 41? (a)? It appears from the following graph that the points do scatter around a straight line. [pic] (b)? Developing the regression relationship, we have: (Summer |Tourists |Ridership | | | | |months) |(Millions) |(1,000,000s) | | | | |Year |(X) |(Y) |X2 |Y2 |XY | |? 1 |? 7 |1. 5 |? 49 |? 2. 25 |10. 5 | |? 2 |? 2 |1. 0 | 4 |? 1. 00 |? 2. 0 | |? 3 |? 6 |1. 3 |? 36 |? 1. 69 |? 7. 8 | |? 4 |? 4 |1. 5 |? 16 |? 2. 25 |? 6. 0 | |? 5 |14 |2. 5 |196 |? 6. 25 |35. 0 | |? |15 |2. 7 |225 |? 7. 29 |40. 5 | |? 7 |16 |2. 4 |256 |? 5. 76 |38. 4 | |? 8 |12 |2. 0 |144 |? 4. 00 |24. 0 | |? 9 |14 |2. 7 |196 |? 7. 29 |37. 8 | |10 |20 |4. 4 |400 |19. 36 |88. 0 | |11 |15 |3. 4 |225 |11. 56 |51. 0 | |12 |? 7 |1. 7 |? 49 |? 2. 89 |11. 9 | and (X = 132, (Y = 27. 1, (XY = 352. 9, (X2 = 1796, (Y2 = 71. 59, [pic] = 11, [pic]= 2. 6. Then: [pic] andY = 0. 511 + 0. 159X (c)? Given a tourist population of 10,000,000, the model predicts a ridership of: Y = 0. 511 + 0. 159 ( 10 = 2. 101, or 2,101,000 persons. (d)? If there are no tourists at all, the model predicts a ridership of 0. 511, or 511,000 persons. One would not place much confidence in this forecast, however, because the number of tourists (ze ro) is outside the range of data used to develop the model. (e)? The standard error of the estimate is given by: (f)? The correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination are given by: [pic] ———————– [pic][pic]

Satyajit Ray’s First Original Screenplay

The film was first conceived to take place in a large mansion, but Ray later decided to film it in the famous hill town, using the many shades of light and mist to reflect the tension in the drama. An amused Ray noted that while his script allowed shooting to be possible under any lighting conditions, a commercial film contingent present at the same time in Darjeeling failed to shoot a single shot as they only wanted to do so in sunshine.. † fact remains that Ray shot this film with masterfully chosen available light conditions(read:no reflectors,you morons! to depict the subtle interplay of light and shade to blend in with progress of the storyline! (as an aside ray recounts the sad story of a Bollywood film crew who arrived in Darjeeling at the same time as ray's team,and were still waiting for the elusive sun to arrive so they could begin shooting by the time ray had his whole film in the can and packed up to go home! ) the climactic scene of the kanchenjungha suddenly makin g a brilliant appearance at the penultimate hour never fails to bring out goosebumps! efinitely recommended. The single most noteworthy feature about this movie is the equivalence of real time (total time of the day being depicted in movie) and movie time (total screening time). At least among the Indian movie makers, Ray is the first one who had done such experiment and of course, he succeeded comprehensively. It depicts a real time event of 100 minutes on screen. So, in order to understand ‘the drama' it's recommended to understand his language to the extent possible.It comprise snapshots of various human characteristics like pride, simplicity, carnal desires, thoughtlessness, romance, heroism and above all triumph of human spirits over conventional, social idiosyncrasy. All this happens in the hill station of Darjeeling, in the lap of nature with the picturesque eastern Himalayas in the backdrop. It is mentionable that the background of all the above characters, their thoug ht process and behavioral traits have been brilliantly presented through series of well conceived dialogues. Yes, only dialogues. No third person narratives. No visual manifestation in terms of flash back, dream sequences etc.In fact, the master storyteller has been able to generate such an evocative dialogue sequences that at the end of the film, the audience acquire full capacity to judge each and every character in the light of respective rationale. It is also noteworthy that Ray's characters never surpass the humane status quo. They reflect relevant cognitive behavior and contextual influences. Be it â€Å"Siddartha† in Pratidwandi or â€Å"Arindam† in Nayak, one can never expect Ray's protagonists molded in typical ubermanesque image in stark contrast to the so-called Heroes of Hollywood and Bollywood.It is also noteworthy that Ray's characters never surpass the humane status quo. They reflect relevant cognitive behavior and contextual influences. Be it â€Å"Sid dartha† in Pratidwandi or â€Å"Arindam† in Nayak, one can never expect Ray's protagonists molded in typical ubermanesque image in stark contrast to the so-called Heroes of Hollywood and Bollywood. Kanchenjungha substantiate that. The elitist, urban Mr. Banerjee asserts boastfully about his professional and materialistic achievements. He even confesses about his clandestine foreign affairs while wooing his ladylove Monisha.This refined gentleman also depicts a prosaic approach towards conjugality and life in general. Towards the end he displays an extremely liberal and tolerant attitude, which is commendable in the realms of dominating, patriarchal association. Any write-up on Kanchenjungha would remain unfinished if it doesn't mention the incorporation of ‘nature' that accentuated the varied moods of the film — An overcast evening to suggest unfavorable circumstances, mist to render underlying tension and sunshine to portray agreeable settlement.Finally th e mighty Kanchengha with all its splendor depict celebration of hope and aspiration. However, Ray has managed to remain an aloof and neutral presenter throughout the process of the film, which adds to the aesthetics of this cinematic masterpiece. This Ray film is fraught with imagery, symbolism, metaphors and weaves in a few independent stories together to culminate into an understanding of the human psyche.Coming to Kanchenjunga (the name belongs to the world's third tallest mountain peak which is said to be elusive to human eye as it's perennially clouded due to fog), the film follows a group of tourists on vacation in Darjeeling, a hill station – the first thing that comes to your mind is just how fraught the film is with metaphors- linking the human mind and attitudes to nature's marvels- thereby the dense fog which prevents our protagonist (played mesmerisingly by Chabi Biswas) from seeing Kanchenjunga clearly is symbolic of his myopic opinions and it is lifted in the la st scene where fter stripping himself away from all his erstwhile prejudices, he is able to view Kanchejunga for the first time. But, in the end, Kanchenjunga remains a film about human emotions which also talks about the socio- economic divide and dwells into the complex inflexible minds of some of us. The appropriate use of the natural lighting & weather conditions (may be the best in Ray's career).

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Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of technological change for business - Essay Example The advantages of modern technology like time and money savings are traditional reasons for business entities as they make decisions in implementing new technology in the workplace (Jones, 2011). The nature of capitalism in the economy where there is a need to maximize profit would generally motivates business entities towards that direction (Brigham, & Ehrhardt, 2010; Khan & Jain, 2007). It is not hard to see the savings in money and resources accomplished by automating some part of the business operations. The market is also a product of innovation and people or customers would always go for those advertised benefit of new products arising from new technology. These business decisions are however not without negative consequences. Every employee would get replaced by machines as a result of changing technology but this could actually be adding to the rising levels of unemployment. This may be partly the dilemma that has actually affected the United States and the United Kingdom. To have this kind of unemployment level of above 5% when these countries are supposed to be ahead in economic development may be partly explained by the conflict by the need for companies to be profitable or having more revenues than costs which can actually be done by controlling the cost of labor. However the unemployment problem may actually be a greater problem in terms of consequences of the business decisions to go for more profit and more wealth for stockholders (Correia, et al 2007; Van Horne & Wachowicz, 2008). Who will buy the products produced by these companies if people who will consume them ultimately have no purchasing power because of lack of employment to provide them means like income to empower them? This is therefore a case of profit maximization that could be creating a greater social problem. Not all the technology that may promise to reduce cost will be beneficial to business in the long-run. Will

Coursework Rates of reaction Essay Example for Free

Coursework Rates of reaction Essay Investigating the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction Skill(s) assessed: Topic C10 [Experiment 9 (in S4)] Investigating the factors affecting the rate of reaction IGCSE Coursework Skills C2, C3, C4 Some of the factors affecting the rate of a reaction that you have studied are:   Temperature   Concentration   Surface area Aim: Investigating the effect of changing the concentration on the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid, by collecting the carbon dioxide gas given off. CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Hypothesis: My hypothesis is that as we increase the concentration of the HCl, the rate of the reaction will be faster; this is because more collisions will be present Materials: Small calcium carbonate chips Dilute hydrochloric acid (1 moldm-3) Distilled water Delivery tube Bowl Conical flask (100ml) Beaker Measuring cylinder (100 cm3) Stop watch Balance Clamp Clamp holder Safety Glasses. Method: 1. Collect all materials 2. Fill the bowl and the 100 cm3 cylinder with water 3. Holding the end so that the water doesnt go out, turn the cylinder upside down and place it down the bowl, keeping it still with the clamp, put the delivery tube at the hole of the cylinder 4. Weight 3g of small size calcium carbonate chips 5. Put on your safety glasses 6. Add the 3g of small carbonate chips into the conical flask 7. Add the HCl acid in the conical flask 8. Quickly afterwards put a cork so that you shut all air entries in the conical flask 9. At the same time as you place the cork, start timing how much it takes to get 50cm3 of gas 10. Repeat this experiment using different concentrations of HCl acid by diluting the acid with distilled water, to make it a fair test use always the same amount of chips and always reach 25cm3 in the measuring cylinder so that only concentration and not amount will affect the rate of reaction. 11. Record your results in a neat and tidy table Results: Table: Volume of 1. 0 mol dm^-3 HCl (cm^3) Volume of H2O (cm^3) Concentration of HCl (mol dm^-3) Time (s) to reach 50ml Time to reach 100ml   Graph: Anomalous Results: In this experiment we were lucky to find no anomalous results at all, everything went on as we planned it was going to go like. Conclusion: As you can see in the graph, our hypothesis was right, as we increased the concentration of the HCl acid in out experiment, more collision were happening and therefore the time for it to reach 50ml was becoming smaller and smaller, meaning that the reaction was becoming faster. So we end up with the conclusion; more concentration of acid = faster rate of reactions = more collision. We could also see in the trend/pattern that at first, when we started increasing by only 0. 2 in concentration, the time for it to reach 50ml decreased from 38 to 17 seconds, almost half of what it was before!. After a while, as we increased the concentration, the difference between the two concentrations began to get smaller and smaller, it first started at decreasing from 38s to 17s, then from 17s to 9s, 9s to 7s and from 7 to five seconds. At this last 2 differences, at the change from 0. 6 to 0. 8, and 0. 8 to 1 in mol dm^-3 of concentration of HCl, the difference was in both only of 2s, showing off that if the acid was yet too concentrated, and almost getting to being fully concentrated, the difference in time to reach the 50ml will become smaller and smaller. Evaluation/Improvement: The experiment was carried out really well, there was no significant anomalous result which indicated that we were doing the right thing, the experiment fulfilled our hypothesis decision, it went on as we planned it would. We should have repeated the experiment, repeating the experiment would have given us much more accurate results, and we have used the same balance for each measuring of calcium carbonate, so that we make it a fair test.

Bernie Madoff Ponzi Scheme Essay Example for Free

Bernie Madoff Ponzi Scheme Essay Bernie Madoff was a legend on Wall Street. His success grew very quickly and he built a trading powerhouse named Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities that was founded in 1960. He enjoyed telling employees, peers, and friends that his enterprise started on the Pacific Ocean beaches in Long Beach, CA as a lifeguard. Madoff enjoyed leading his company, chairing the NASDAQ board, and presenting to traders as a leader in the industry sharing his tips, tricks, and lessons learned. By 2000, his company had become very popular and was commonly used by hedge funds, wealthy investors, and institutions. Bernard L.  Madoff Investment Securities had been successful for over 20 years that was worth nearly $65 billion at the time when the success had been identified as fraud. Madoff and team had set up a flourishing Ponzi scheme. A Ponzi scheme â€Å"is a fraudulent investment operation that pays returns to separate investors from their own money or money paid by subsequent investors, rather than any actual profit earned. † This type of investment strategy is doomed from the start because there is never a plan to completely recoup the investor’s money; however, to the investor it seems like a good investment because it promised a higher short-term return. Madoff’s Ponzi scheme had been a well crafted game and each move including precise calculations. As the authorities began to investigate the scandal they found that individuals, institutional investors, and securities authorities had been involved. Madoff and team created a group of financial managers to work with potential investors to sell the fraud. This group was an uneducated and inexperienced staff that was tasked to â€Å"generate false and fraudulent documents† that were used to disguise these unethical business transactions. These documents including trade blotters and monthly account statements were created using historical stock data from the Internet. In order to appear to have a thriving business, Madoff’s team began to wire funds from the New York and London offices to uphold the impression of Wall Street financial success. In reality there was very little stock bought and sold. Instead, the market was studied and the company pretended to purchase stock whose trajectories were in line with the firm’s goals. Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities had been reviewed by the U. S. Securities and  Exchange Commission (SEC) and recorded two reports of suspicious behavior and financial reporting starting in 1999. However, the company had never been fully investigated until after the discovery of the Ponzi scheme. Madoff himself stated that it was a miracle that this plan wasn’t discovered because it was obvious when reviewing Wall Street’s central clearinghouse account which would have brought red flags. While leading this scheme, Madoff kept this unethical activity close; he only incorporated his family members and a few key accomplices including Frank DiPascali. The success of this investor and legendary financial mentor has been named the largest financial investor fraud in history and the most successful Ponzi scheme to date. On July 14, Madoff began serving his sentence in Burtner Federal Correctional Complex. In addition to the 150 year sentence awarded to Madoff by the courts, they also called for $170 billion in assets from Madoff. This number was calculated and represented the amount of money that moved through the unlawful bank accounts during the years of fraudulent behavior. As Judge Denny Chin sentenced Bernie Madoff, he called these crimes â€Å"extraordinarily evil†. However, the question is not â€Å"Was Madoff extraordinarily evil? † because the answer to that question is simply yes. The real ethical question is â€Å"Who enabled Madoff to successfully complete these evil and unethical acts? † That person was Madoff’s right hand man, Frank DiPascali. In 1975, college dropout and 19 year old Frank DiPascali joined Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities, LLC (BMIS) following recruitment by his neighbor from Queens and Madoff’s longtime personal secretary Annette Bongiorno. Despite his lack of a college education or any formal financial training, over his 33 years with Madoff’s New York firm DiPascali became a key lieutenant to Madoff, rising from a research analyst to serve in roles such as Director of Options Trading and Chief Financial Officer. While it is unclear to investigators whether Madoff ever ran a legitimate investment business, Madoff claimed in court that the Ponzi scheme only began in 1991 and thereafter did not involve legitimate investment activities. In court testimony, DiPascali recounted that by the early 990’s, he knew the investment operation was fraudulent saying, â€Å"No purchases or sales of securities were actually taking place. It was all fake; it was fictitious. It was wrong, and I knew it was wrong at the time. As the primary deputy to Madoff, Frank DiPascali had a unique position of managing the massive fraud concocted by his boss. Through the two decades that the Ponzi scheme ran, DiPascali only cemented himself further in dishonesty rather than extracting himself from, or informing authorities of, the fraud. DiPascali told Judge Richard Sullivan that while receiving orders and executing the fraud, he â€Å"knew it was criminal, and I did it anyway. † In 2006 when the firm’s computer programmers Jerome O’Hara and George Perez refused to continue running the software that produced the fictitious trades and statements, DiPascali joined Madoff in learning how to run the software to continue the fraud and paying the programmers off for their silence. Besides Madoff, DiPascali was the only other person to run the infamous 17th floor operation at BMIS, where fraudulent transactions and account statements were produced for investors. DiPascali has credited his loyalty to Madoff as the primary reason he continued to participate in the fraud. â€Å"I was loyal to him,† DiPascali said. â€Å"I ended up being loyal to a terrible, terrible fault. † As DiPascali phrased it during a court hearing, â€Å"by 1990 or so, Bernie Madoff was a mentor to me and a lot more. Frank DiPascali’s attorney, Marc Mukasey, asserted that DiPascali operated with the belief that before the Ponzi scheme could collapse; Madoff would be able to repay investors and erase any fraud. DiPascali reportedly had such confidence in Madoff’s great personal wealth that he believed no matter what, investors could be protected. However, DiPascali enjoyed generous compensation while directing the fraudulent investing operation. DiPascali’s salary from BMIS topped $2 million per year and from 2002 through 2008 DiPascali had a fictitious investor account at BMIS named after his yacht, Dorothy Jo, from which he personally withdrew over $5 million. DiPascali also used his BMIS corporate platinum American Express card to fund vacations, entertainment, and other personal expenses. While Frank DiPascali did not conceive of the Ponzi scheme himself, he was second to none in actually managing the details of the fraud. The criminal complaint to which DiPascali plead guilty in August 2009 states, â€Å"DiPascali designed, developed and oversaw a wide and varying array of fictitious books and records all prepared to conceal the scheme from investors, auditors and regulators. † In addition to managing the backroom activities and generating false account records, DiPascali regularly spoke with clients and lied about their investment accounts.

Ischaemic Pain and Cold-induced Pain Experiment

Ischaemic Pain and Cold-induced Pain Experiment Results Ice water seems to bring about 60% more pain than tourniquet. Placebo was quite effective against tourniquet (91.7% ±4.33) and had no effect on ice water (100.7% ±2.74) which appeared to be the second strongest drug. Paracetamol 1000mg combined with 8mg of codeine had negative effect on tourniquet (105.9% ±7.91) as students sensed more pain after taking drugs, and slight effect on ice water (97.2% ±3.17) which made it become the weakest drug. Paracetamol 1000mg reduced the pain for tourniquet significantly (88.6% ±7.94) and also did well against ice water (95.2% ±3.55). Paracetamol 1000mg acted as the best drug for both tourniquet and ice water treatment. These results are shown in Figures 1 and 2 ( see Appendices for raw data and summary data).   Figure 1. Effects of drugs on mean pain response sensed from tourniquet and ice water. Mean pain units were measured for both tourniquet and ice water method for students. Students were then separated into groups A, B and C to take drug placebo, paracetamol 1000mg + Codeine 8mg and paracetamol 1000mg respectively. After 45 minutes the mean pain units were measured again for all of the students ( ± standard error, n=24). Figure 2 Effects of drugs on mean % pain control response sensed from tourniquet and ice water. Mean pain units were measured for both tourniquet and ice water method for students. Students were then separated into groups A, B and C to take drug placebo, paracetamol 1000mg + Codeine 8mg and paracetamol 1000mg respectively. After 45 minutes the mean pain units were measured again for all of the students . The pain levels after taking drugs were then divided by the pain units before taking drugs for each student to get the mean % control response ( ± standard error, n=24). Discussion Paracetamol is able to inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX) and it is highly selective for Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II( COX-2) (Burkhard Hinz2008). Inhibition of COX enzymes causes the concentration of prostaglandin E2 to decrease, as a result, the hypothalamic set-point is lowered to reduce fever and the descending inhibitory serotonergic pathways is activated to produce analgesia (Anderson BJ 2008). Codeine is a pretty weak opioid analgesic. It has to be converted into morphine to function, this can be activated by the CYP2D6 metabolic. Codeine can reduce the analgesic efficacy in as the way it slow down the metabolizer of the drug(C. Mattia 2015). The combination of Paracetamol 1000mg with codeine 8mg is found to be more effective and safer than just using paracetamol or codeine (Aust Dent 2002). On the other hand, placebo would simply have no effect on pain level as it is just a sugar pill. As morphine inhibits hot and cold pain by inhibiting HPC but increases the firing of the cold cells, this leads to the burning sensation (Mogil 1999). This directly causes the paracetamol + codeine combination did not act what we thought, the burning sensation reduced the effectiveness of pain relief. As a result, for the ice water test, paracetamol worked as the best treatment and placebo was the weakest treatment. And for the tourniquet test which causes ischemic pain, muscle contraction increases hydrogen ions causes pH decreases and leads to acidosis, and infusion rate of acidic buffer increased and causes pain (Issberner 1996). However codeine and its product morphine are both hydrogen donors and would further increase the concentration of hydrogen inside muscle and causes more pain (Atkinson AP 2011). This explains why the paracetamol + codeine had negative effect on tourniquet test. The experiment result did not match up with hypothesis as paracetamol with codeine is not the most effective drug for both ice water and tourniquet tests. There are some steps for this experiment that can be improved. First of all at the beginning of the experiment, students cells were asleep and takes time to wake up and sense the pain correctly. Especially for ice water, as human skin would always get covered by a layer of oil secreted by sebaceous glands and dirt from environment mixture, the first attempt in ice water would take time to wash the layer off the skin and causes less pain sensed, after taking drugs, students arm were no longer protected and therefore would sense a stronger pain level faster, also the amount of ice in the tank was different and might causes error for the result. For tourniquet, students might not squeeze the rubble bulb correctly and causes difference between two runs. This experiment can be improved by getting a rubble bulb that squeeze itself automatically each time with same strength; maintain the ice water with same amount of ice and temperature; put arm into the ice water to wash off the layer and also wake it up before attempt the experiment, after five minutes of recovery (let the arm to warm up and get dried) then start the experiment. This experiment result can be used in clinical treatment and develop pain-relief drugs. In conclusion, the paracetamol 1000mg is the most effective drug to relieve both ischaemic pain and cold-induced pain. Appendices Table 1. Raw data collected and summary data for pain sensed before and after taking placebo. The mean, median, standard deviation (stdev), standard error of the mean (SEM) and n values calculated for pain units and % of pain changed before and after taking placebo.Mean pain units were measured for both tourniquet and ice water method for students. Student took placebo and after 45 minutes the mean pain units were measured again for all of the students . The pain levels after taking drugs were then divided by the pain units before taking drugs for each student to get the mean % control response ( n=24). Tourniquet 0 Tourniquet 45 Ice water 0 Ice water 45 Tourniquet % control Ice Water % Control 380 390 625 640 102.6 102.4 335 260 610 670 77.6 109.8 332 150 655 627 45.2 95.7 400 250 375 350 62.5 93.3 401 295 564 592 73.6 105.0 275 200 563 570 72.7 101.2 320 255 675 575 79.7 85.2 265 305 265 300 115.1 113.2 191 200 577 482 104.7 83.5 447 397 672 660 88.8 98.2 169 190 668 646 112.4 96.7 245 295 580 535 120.4 92.2 280 300 485 390 107.1 80.4 475 430 675 605 90.5 89.6 270 285 550 620 105.6 112.7 390 300 575 585 76.9 101.7 380 388 663 675 102.1 101.8 275 310 445 500 112.7 112.4 225 150 385 570 66.7 148.1 543 580 140 145 106.8 103.6 400 425 575 525 106.3 91.3 325 400 700 700 123.1 100.0 161 138 291 277 85.7 95.2 395 243 680 697 61.5 102.5 n 24 24 24 24 24 24 median 328.5 295 576 580 96.3 100.6 mean 328.29 297.33 541.38 539.00 91.7 100.7 stdev 96.97 106.14 150.86 146.49 21.2 13.4 SEM 19.79 21.67 30.79 29.90 4.33 2.74 Table 2. Raw data collected and summary data for pain sensed before and after taking paracetamol 1000mg + codeine 8mg. The mean, median, standard deviation (stdev), standard error of the mean (SEM) and n values calculated for pain units and % of pain changed before and after taking placebo.Mean pain units were measured for both tourniquet and ice water method for students. Student took paracetamol 1000mg + codeine 8mgand after 45 minutes the mean pain units were measured again for all of the students . The pain levels after taking drugs were then divided by the pain units before taking drugs for each student to get the mean % control response ( n=24). Tourniquet 0 Tourniquet 45 Ice water 0 Ice water 45 Tourniquet % control Ice Water % Control 380 340 630 625 89.5 99.2 533 538 471 525 100.9 111.5 225 320 550 565 142.2 102.7 350 275 597 585 78.6 98.0 345 150 647 675 43.5 104.3 575 260 645 520 45.2 80.6 175 300 425 530 171.4 124.7 249 234 353 299 94.0 84.7 280 160 600 520 57.1 86.7 255 163 648 615 63.9 94.9 263 250 660 665 95.1 100.8 260 280 355 340 107.7 95.8 200 375 440 420 187.5 95.5 185 160 540 325 86.5 60.2 435 368 600 595 84.6 99.2 345 315 535 435 91.3 81.3 315 265 472 575 84.1 121.8 220 300 575 600 136.4 104.3 450 545 565 683 121.1 120.9 235 418 476 523 177.9 109.9 125 160 595 555 128.0 93.3 277 370 670 660 133.6 98.5 60 63 511 500 105.0 97.8 460 540 565 378 117.4 66.9 n 24 24 24 24 24 24 median 270 290 565 542.5 98.0 98.2 mean 299.88 297.88 546.88 529.71 105.9 97.2 stdev 125.33 127.25 92.13 112.04 38.8 15.5 SEM 25.58 25.97 18.81 22.87 7.91 3.17 Table 3 Raw data collected and summary data for pain sensed before and after taking paracetamol 1000mg. The mean, median, standard deviation (stdev), standard error of the mean (SEM) and n values calculated for pain units and % of pain changed before and after taking placebo.Mean pain units were measured for both tourniquet and ice water method for students. Student took paracetamol 1000mgand after 45 minutes the mean pain units were measured again for all of the students . The pain levels after taking drugs were then divided by the pain units before taking drugs for each student to get the mean % control response ( n=24). Tourniquet 0 Tourniquet 45 Ice water 0 Ice water 45 Tourniquet % control Ice Water % Control 460 480 390 370 104.3 94.9 584 400 980 674 68.5 68.8 250 350 550 625 140.0 113.6 210 225 585 610 107.1 104.3 300 175 590 555 58.3 94.1 455 415 530 600 91.2 113.2 165 100 460 390 60.6 84.8 280 80 600 400 28.6 66.7 257 195 640 645 75.9 100.8 195 185 555 550 94.9 99.1 242 200 560 612 82.6 109.3 270 260 405 250 96.3 61.7 330 310 605 635 93.9 105.0 295 240 445 375 81.4 84.3 313 253 695 655 80.8 94.2 61 85 380 290 139.3 76.3 205 330 525 570 161.0 108.6 165 50 325 435 30.3 133.8 180 260 675 550 144.4 81.5 230 125 585 615 54.3 105.1 373 363 585 443 97.3 75.7 170 250 650 625 147.1 96.2 275 25 270 300 9.1 111.1 528 415 585 595 78.6 101.7 n 24 24 24 24 24 24 median 263.5 245 572.5 562.5 86.9 97.6 mean 283.04 240.46 548.75 515.38 88.6 95.2 stdev 123.24 125.39 143.93 131.49 38.9 17.4 SEM 25.16 25.60 29.38 26.84 7.94 3.55 References Anderson BJ. Paracetamol (acetaminophen): mechanisms of action. Pediatr Anesth 2008;18:915-21. Aust Dent J. 2002 Jun;47(2):147-51.Paracetamol versus paracetamol-codeine in the treatment of post-operative dental pain: a randomized, double-blind, prospective trial. Macleod AG1, Ashford B, Voltz M, Williams B, Cramond T, Gorta L, Simpson JM Burkhard Hinz,Olga Cheremina and Kay Brune, February 2008, The FASEB Journalvol. 22 no. 2 383-390 C. Mattia, F. Coluzzi, 2015,A look inside the association codeine-paracetamol: clinical pharmacology supports analgesic efficacy, Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, Vol. 19 N. 3, Pages: 507-516. Oxford, 2007, league table of analgesic efficacy, viewed 13 May 2015, http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/painpag/acutrev/analgesics/leagtab.html. Issberner, Reeh and Steen (1996) Pain due to tissue acidosis: a mechanism for inflammatory and ischemic myalgia? Neuroscience Letters, Vol 208, 191-194. Mogil and Adhikari (1999) Hot and cold nociception are genetically correlated. The Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 19, RC25, 1-5.

Essay --

(1.) Verification and observation is not the same thing. When you verify a theory, you have at least partially found support for its truth through observation. When you falsify a theory, you have definitely found support for its un-truth, through observation. Verifiability and falsifiability are contrasting methodologies in the sense that they each emphasize different values of truth: verifiability on â€Å"truth† (at least partial) and falsifiability on â€Å"false.† Consider the classic example of the white swan. Swans in Europe were white so each separate observation of a swan came back as white. Therefore, the induction produces the conclusion that all swans are white. Seemingly giving confirmation, each separate observation verified the conclusion â€Å"all swans are white.† The evidence of course was overpowering, that is until they learned that Australia had black swans. With this singular observation, all the thousands of verifications of white swans were unconcluded. That is the strength of falsification. A singular observation or experiment can toss everything away. Both verifiability and falsifiability share the shortcoming that it can’t reach absolute truth. Verifiability can’t reach absolute truth because of the complications with induction. Falsifiability can’t reach absolute truth for a couple reasons. First, proving that a theory is false only verifies that the negation is true. That’s not much concerning scientific advancement. Second is because of falsifiability identification, with the demarcation criterion between science and pseudo-science, a (supposed) true theory can’t be scientific, because it can’t be falsified. The plausibility of scientific theory in verificationism is â€Å"strong† supporting evidence. ... ...ur deficient human understanding that inhibits us from perceiving it so. The methods of holism don’t seem to be wholly at odds with the traditional scientific method. That being said, holism doesn’t strictly adhere to the scientific method notwithstanding the usage of a scientific-sounding language and can produce neither specific predictions about the natural world nor consequential insights. This reductionism seems to assume that by examining the mechanisms of nature we can predict and consequently control it. Holism does not solve the demarcation problem. A pseudo-science has the solution to everything and can never â€Å"not be true,† whereas a science doesn’t have the solution to everything and can â€Å"always be false.† Religion is only a pseudo-science when it takes itself to be resolving scientific questions; otherwise it is perfectly consequential for Popper. Essay -- (1.) Verification and observation is not the same thing. When you verify a theory, you have at least partially found support for its truth through observation. When you falsify a theory, you have definitely found support for its un-truth, through observation. Verifiability and falsifiability are contrasting methodologies in the sense that they each emphasize different values of truth: verifiability on â€Å"truth† (at least partial) and falsifiability on â€Å"false.† Consider the classic example of the white swan. Swans in Europe were white so each separate observation of a swan came back as white. Therefore, the induction produces the conclusion that all swans are white. Seemingly giving confirmation, each separate observation verified the conclusion â€Å"all swans are white.† The evidence of course was overpowering, that is until they learned that Australia had black swans. With this singular observation, all the thousands of verifications of white swans were unconcluded. That is the strength of falsification. A singular observation or experiment can toss everything away. Both verifiability and falsifiability share the shortcoming that it can’t reach absolute truth. Verifiability can’t reach absolute truth because of the complications with induction. Falsifiability can’t reach absolute truth for a couple reasons. First, proving that a theory is false only verifies that the negation is true. That’s not much concerning scientific advancement. Second is because of falsifiability identification, with the demarcation criterion between science and pseudo-science, a (supposed) true theory can’t be scientific, because it can’t be falsified. The plausibility of scientific theory in verificationism is â€Å"strong† supporting evidence. ... ...ur deficient human understanding that inhibits us from perceiving it so. The methods of holism don’t seem to be wholly at odds with the traditional scientific method. That being said, holism doesn’t strictly adhere to the scientific method notwithstanding the usage of a scientific-sounding language and can produce neither specific predictions about the natural world nor consequential insights. This reductionism seems to assume that by examining the mechanisms of nature we can predict and consequently control it. Holism does not solve the demarcation problem. A pseudo-science has the solution to everything and can never â€Å"not be true,† whereas a science doesn’t have the solution to everything and can â€Å"always be false.† Religion is only a pseudo-science when it takes itself to be resolving scientific questions; otherwise it is perfectly consequential for Popper.

greek orthodox Essay -- essays research papers

The Greek Orthodox Church is one of the three major branches of Christianity, which "stands in today's society as one of the communities created by the apostles of Jesus in the region of the eastern Mediterranean, and which spread by missionary activity throughout Eastern Europe" .The word orthodox comes from Greek, this means right-believing. Currently, the orthodox religion has more than 174 million followers throughout the world. The Greek Orthodox church is autocephalous, which means governed by its own head bishop. The head bishops of this autocephalous church may be called patriarch, metropolitan, or archbishop. These clergymen are much like the Pope; they decide church doctrine and generally make important decisions on controversial topics. In its doctrine statements, "the Greek Orthodox church strongly affirms that it holds the original Christian faith, which was common to East and West during the first millennium of Christian history" (Meyendorff 18). More particularly, it recognizes the authority of the ecumenical councils at which East and West were represented together. These were the councils of Nicaea I (325), Constantinople (381), Ephesus(431), Chalcedon(451), Constantinople II (553), Constantinople III (680), and Nicaea II (787) (Encarta 1996). The power of teaching and guiding the community is bestowed on certain ministries, particularly that of the bishop of each diocese or is directed through certain institutions, such as councils...

Exploring Existentialism and the Character Leanord in the Film, Memento

Exploring Existentialism and the Character Leanord in the Film, Memento Although Christopher Nolan does not acknowledge any philosophical basis for Memento, the film provides a character, Leonard Shelby, who serves as an example of several aspects of existentialism. Through Leonard, Memento illustrates Soren Kierkegaard's idea of truth as subjectivity, Freidrich Nietzsche's notion that God is dead, and Jean-Paul Sartre's writings on the nature of consciousness. In Concluding Unscientific Postscript, Kierkegaard differentiates between the subject as the knower, and the world (object) as the known: the only way we know the world is through ourselves. Kierkegaard emphasizes the importance of "how" the subject is related to the truth, and not the "what" (content) of the objective. He asserts that the truth can only exist in the subject, for if it lies in the world, we could never access (know) the truth the way we know ourselves. Kierkegaard explains that we can only discover the truth by turning inward: "passionate inwardness" is essential to finding the truth, as it is the way in which the subject is seeking the truth; the more passion the subject has, the closer she/he comes to the truth. "Passionate inwardness" is fueled by "objective uncertainty": if an individual sees objective proof of her truth, she will become less passionate; however, when she does not find reassurance in the objective, her inward passion will lead her to "the" (her) truth. This paradox relies on the subject believing passionately in the truth that exists in her while believing in a lack of objective support for that truth. Fridreich Nietzsche writes in The Gay Science "God is dead....And we have killed him," (99, Existentialist Philosophy) referr... ...f existence before essence is echoed when Teddy tells Leonard that he (Leonard) doesn't even know who he is: when Leonard answers he is his past self, Teddy cautions "That's who you were, not who you've become." While Leonard does not believe it, Teddy reminds him that he is responsible for his wife's death, not the men he tracks down and enjoys killing. Leonard refuses to acknowledge that he is his actions, to which Sartre would say "There is no reality except in action" (316, Existentialist Philosophy). Leonard seems to avoid responsibility for his freedom, most likely because he does see who he has become. Memento is a poignant affirmation that our actions make us who we are and that we are in fact responsible for the choices we make, whether we face our freedom, or flee from our anxiety as Leonard does. Now, where was I...? Existentialist Philosophy Memento

A Yellow Raft in Blue Water Essay

Answer: Discuss the three female protagonists and the men in their lives. How are their lives determined by the circumstances of their birth and subsequently by the men they â€Å"chose.† Michael Dorris divides the novel A Yellow Raft in Blue Water into three sections narrated by three different Native American women: Rayona, Christine, and Ida. First introduced is teen-aged Rayona, whose mother Christine is dying of too much drinking and high living. Rayona was abandoned by her mother and had to fend for herself around the environment of Seattle and the Montana reservation of her birth. She is searching for a stability of affection she never quite finds. Rayona often looks down on herself based on the way people look at her. They either say she is â€Å"too big, too smart, not Black, not Indian, not friendly.† Rayona longs to be normal and fit in. With her mother Christine, it’s been another story: affection came to her almost too much and nearly buried beneath it, she self-destructs in her illness finally returning to the reservation. She is very protective of her brother Lee and always concerned for his welfare. Christine does not have the skills to translate her feelings into actions and this is her main problem in relationships with others, especially with her daughter. This weakness naturally causes problems between Christine and Rayona, as Rayona begins to judge others based solely on their actions. Aunt Ida is often bitter and attempts to distance herself from others, as she fears becoming too attached to or dependent upon anyone. She tells the last part of the book and is the best at telling it. A story of how a young Indian girl Ida assumed the child born of an aunt, who’d come to nurse her sister through illness and stayed to bear her brother-in-law’s child: Christine. It’s only here that Dorris’ narrative decision to telescope the story, unfold family secrets. Since Aunt Ida was so secretive of their family genes, Christine is left fatherless and has no ancestors who she knows about. Consequently she has trouble understanding her identity and it causes her a great deal of pain and disappointment. Though the one constant man in her life was her brother Lee. Christine and Lee have a very close sister-brother bond, each relying on each other for emotional support. After her brother’s death, she gets married to an African American solider named Elgin. Throughout her part of the book, she faces difficulties with Elgin that reflects a lot on Rayona. During Rayona’s whole life, her father Elgin is barely there, pooping in and out whenever convenient for him. Rayona Feels like she is not good enough and has trouble trying to find her place and identity in the world. These characters experience loneliness, they yearn to be loved and accepted. This results in the evident theme of belonging and abandonment. The chance to interview Michael Dorris. . What is your favorite and least favorite books of all the books you have written? Where do you get your ideas for your books? What is your favorite type of book to read that you enjoy and do any of them help you to make your decisions to write your books?   From research you have mentioned growing up in a household filled with women. Did you get any actual editorial help from women in your household? For example, did you show it to your wife and asked if you got something right?

Qualities of a Good Parent Essay

Love and Discipline Raising children can be extremely difficult at times. While there are numerous qualities required to be a good parent, there are two basic qualities that every parent should consist of while raising their children. By a parent obtaining love and discipline in the raising of their children will result in good parenting. A good parent must make his or her child feel cherished at times; however, a parent must also discipline children when necessary. Love is extremely important for a parent to provide while raising children and should be a main goal of any parent. A parent can provide this quality to a child by doing activities that he or she enjoys. For example, a parent can play games or read a favorite book of the child’s desire. If a child is shown attention by a parent it gives them a sense of feeling important and cared about by a loved one. When a child consumes of the feeling of importance it allows confidence to increase. Another way a parent can express love to a child is by being affectionate. A hug, kiss on the cheek, or simply saying, â€Å"I love you† can allow a child understand that his or her parent truly does love them. When a child is shown affection by his or her parent then they can assure themselves that the love from the parent it always present. It is common for children to feel as if their parent does no longer love them after they have done something wrong; therefore, by a parent reassuring his or her child that they will love them no matter what can relieve a child of that fear. If a parent provides love as quality while raising children, then good parenting will be a result. Another quality a good parent should have while raising children is discipline. When a child has done something wrong a parent must perform some type of disciplinary action to force the child to understand what he or she did is wrong and cannot happen again. If a parent allows a child to misbehave without any discipline, then the child will have the mentality that what he or she did is okay and will continue to misbehave. By a parent performing disciplinary action with his or her child, then the child will understand that their parent has authority over the choices made and the consequences to follow. Discipline does not always mean a parent must hit or  spank a child; restricting the child’s limitations on what he or she may enjoy can also do solve the problem. For example, if a child enjoys playing video games or going places with friends a parent can restrict the child’s ability to do these things after they have misbehaved. By a parent provides discipline to their children when needed, it will then teach a child that misbehaving is not tolerated and can result in punishment. Disciplinary actions are necessary for a parent to accomplish being a good parent. All in all, parenting is a lot of work, and is not easy. There are many responsibilities that come along with parenting. Parents must always provide love for children, but also discipline when needed. Every child is unique, and needs to be handled differently.

Synthesis

The idea of gender wage discrimination being widely practiced in the United States today is a difficult concept for many to swallow. With the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the realization of the existence of the gender wage gap surprises many Americans. These authors bring to the forefront the idea that there is more to the gender wage gap then just companies discriminating against women and minorities. They sight many sources with defined data including Burres and Zucca who looked at database information from 1992 through 1997 and confirmed that just over 3% of women held a position in the top 5 spots in most companies. Furthermore, the pay for executives showed women’s salaries were considerably lower than those of their male counterparts (Kennedy, Nagata, Mushenski, &Johnson, 2008, p. 13-14). This fact alone directly affects the productivity of the workplace, causing resentment and discontent with female employees. Add to the issue those women with disabilities and the percentages of discrimination raise a staggering fifty percent. The authors also showed evidence of wage discrimination against African Americans, adding to the argument that female African Americans are fighting an even tougher battle then white women (Kennedy et al. , 2009, p. 14). The authors provide arguments as to why these wage differences still exist, sighting Hartmann, Gault, Lovell, Sinzdak, & Caiazza (2003) who claim the most prevalent reason is fewer hours worked. Women have other responsibilities with family and home that pull them away from work, which in turn gives them less experience and training, justifying a lower salary. Even in the last 40+ years women have been working their way into male dominated positions, yet their wage is still 23. 5% lower than their male co-worker (Kennedy et al. , 2008, p. 15). Another argument is that of social and professional networking playing a part in the wage differences. Most evidence leans toward the concept that networking is beneficial in securing higher paying positions. It also showed that white men were more apt to promote other white men than women or other minorities. Yet, women with powerful social or professional connections were also able to secure higher paying positions. Other minorities seemed to have lower socioeconomic status and thus had difficulty in obtaining higher paying positions (Kennedy et al. , 2008, p. 15-16). The authors also touch on the idea that women are less apt to boast about their accomplishments, or pat themselves on the back, effectively letting their superiors know about positive situations, or client successes. Women also tend not to negotiate salaries therefore leaving money at the negotiating table and keeping their salaries lower. There is also mention of the correlation between emotions and pay reviews, being that women respond to positive feedback with more satisfaction then that of monetary compensation, thus failing to acquire the much deserved pay increase. These facts may address a small percentage of the wage gap, but in no way explain away the entire 23. 5% difference (Kennedy et al. , 2008, p. 8). If fighting the battle of wage discrimination isn’t enough, then take a look at how the laws are written. Both the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 put the burden of cost and the difficulty of proof on the employee, making the chance of winning almost impossible. The government needs to provide assistance to those facing this unjust, and assist at all levels, state and federal to enforce and prosecute those crossing the line (Kennedy et al. , 2 008 p. 14). Equal pay to all could bring harmony and cooperation to the workplace, which could encourage higher production and increased revenue, proving that elimination of gender wage discrimination is a healthy change for the economy (Kennedy et al. , 2008 p. 14). All of these arguments play into the idea that if the gender wage gap was completely eliminated the economy and the government would benefit. Education, experience, networking and negotiating all play a part in the difference in pay, but as pointed out in this article, those arguments do not justify the 23. % variance. Equal pay also promotes women to a higher pay scale and removes many single parents from government assistance, in turn saving to government money. Higher pay and abolishment of gender wage discrimination means more taxes, more discretionary funds available for spending, decreased resentment in the workplace and positive teamwork, which could result in higher productivity equating to a stronger economy.

Artificial Posterior Teeth Denture Prosthodontics Health And Social Care Essay

Natural dentitions contribute to a figure of unwritten maps, therefore to keep these maps natural dentitions have to be restored once they are lost. A.C Elias et Al. ( 1 ) reveal that as a consequence of tooth loss maps as address, chew and visual aspect are harmed. Further John Joy Manappallil ( 2 ) explains that with the loss of teeth the psychological province of the patient may be harmed due to the bad visual aspect. The physical province of the patient may besides be affected due to the inability to masticate nutrient and hence weight loss may happen. One of the options available to reconstruct the maps lost subsequent to teeth loss is by the usage of a complete dental plate. Manappallil ( 2 ) provinces that patients expect dental plates to be recollective, supply esthetics, map and comfort. This paper will discourse the standards used to choose posterior unreal dental plate dentitions in order to accomplish a successful complete dental plate intervention. Jason F. McCord et Al. ( 3 ) reveal that the choice of posterior dentitions is a important portion of the line of intervention that nevertheless may non be considered by many tooth doctors and that this determination is chiefly left to the technicians. Aaron H. Fenton ( 4 ) provinces that it is unadvisable to non affect the patient during the procedure of choice of dentition. The choice of posterior dentitions is a complex procedure and in which a figure of factors must be considered. McCord et Al. ( 3 ) province that posterior dentitions should be selected depending on the patient ‘s demands. Hence, the clinician should see occlusal, stableness, and aesthetic factors during the procedure of choice. This means that a dental plate is considered successful when the patient feels comfy utilizing it. Elias et Al. ( 1 ) province in their reappraisal that unwritten comfort comprises deficiency of annoyance, aesthetics and masticatory efficiency. Deepak Nallaswamy Veeraiyan et Al. ( 5 ) point out that fro m the patient ‘s position the unreal dental plate dentitions are the most of import constituent of the dental plate as their map is to supply aesthetics, chew and address. As already mentioned above by Manappallil ( 2 ) the psychological and physiologic province is affected by the loss of dentitions. Psychological and physiologic province of the patient can be improved through complete dental plate intervention due to maps of unreal dentitions. Manappallil ( 2 ) explains that following a successful removable complete dental plate intervention the patient should be able to return to her/his normal activities, should be able to socialise confidently and should be able to masticate nutrients usually so that the sum of nutrient consumption is non comprised. Furthermore, Manappallil ( 2 ) besides reports that a complete dental plate must be well-retained, supported and stable so that it functions expeditiously. Posterior dental plate dentitions can lend to keeping and support. Mana ppallil ( 2 ) provinces that certain occlusal strategies can be utile in diminishing sidelong forces, therefore bettering keeping. He proceeds by explicating that dental plate stableness is affected by occlusal factors ; a decrease in sidelong forces and proper occlusion can help in bettering dental plate stableness. R. Mericske-Stern et Al. ( 6 ) suggests that the chief ground for a complete dental plate being described as unsatisfactory is denture instability and hurting during biting. In order for posterior unreal dentitions to execute their map and supply comfort, masticatory efficiency, aesthetics, dental plate stableness, keeping and cause no bone reabsorption they are selected depending on certain standards which are cuspal disposition, size, shadiness and stuff. Artificial posterior dental plate dentitions are available with different cuspal dispositions. Manappallil ( 2 ) provinces that the angle between the horizontal plane and cusp slope is termed cuspal disposition. Veeraiyan et Al. ( 5 ) grouped posterior dentitions harmonizing to their cuspal disposition or occlusal morphology into three groups. The first group comprises the cusp dentition that are subdivided into anatomic and semi-anatomic. The other two groups are the cuspless dentition and the particular tooth signifiers. Veeraiyan et Al. ( 5 ) province that anatomic dentitions are the most normally used and supply superior aesthetics. Their cusps may organize and angle of 33A ° or 30A ° . Their high quality to other types is chiefly a consequence of their resemblance to natural dentitions, their good masticatory map and their ability to diminish rotary motion of a dental plate. Nevertheless, drawbacks include that they are hard to put into balanced occlusion and the fact that s idelong forces displace the dental plate easy when these dentitions are used. Veeraiyan et Al. ( 5 ) reveal that semi- anatomic dentitions are besides termed modified-cusp or low-cusp dentitions. They make clear that cusps of semi-anatomic dentitions make an angle of 20A ° or 10A ° . Semi-anatomic dentitions are preferred in instances of unnatural jaw dealingss. They pose less trouble during puting into balanced occlusion, let for dental plate stableness during masticating as they cut down the consequence of sidelong emphasiss on the dental plate. However they show a lessening in masticatory efficiency and aesthetics. Manappallil ( 2 ) provinces that cuspless dentitions are besides referred to as level or monoplane or zero-degree dentitions, and that they were produced with the purpose of cut downing sidelong forces on the dental plate to better stableness. Veeraiyan et Al. ( 5 ) explain that teeth with a 0A ° cusp angle are indicated with neuromuscular upsets and hapless ridg e relationships. The benefits of cuspless dentitions are flexibleness during puting, decrease of the consequence of sidelong forces on dental plates, and proviso of more lingua room. However, they show a lessening in masticatory efficiency and supply least aesthetics. The last tooth signifier would be the particular tooth signifier. Veeraiyan et Al. ( 5 ) mentioned particular tooth signifiers which included French ‘s buttockss, VO buttockss and Sosin- bladed dentitions. In general, these can supply chair to excellent cutting efficiency but show hapless aesthetics and are more expensive. Bernard Levin ( 7 ) studies that F.A French designed non-anatomic dentition in the early twentieth century called French ‘s buttockss. Gallic wanted to take advantage of the cuspless dentition construct but besides increase masticatory and dental plate stableness. He attempted this by extinguishing the inframaxillary buccal cusps and puting a ridge of porcelain in the centre of the tooth mesiodistally. However, his effort was non successful due to the brickle nature of porcelain when exposed to masticatory forces. Levin ( 7 ) besides mentions that in 1946 Hardy introduced dentitions with a curved blade traversing the occlusal surfaces of dentitions. Vee raiyan et Al. ( 5 ) reveal that Hardy was the first to plan a tooth with a metal insert and called it the â€Å" Vitallium Occlusal † ( VO buttockss ) . The tooth has the visual aspect of the merger on one grinder and two bicuspids with a Vitallium metal insert that somewhat protrudes occlusally from the tooth ( Fig 1 ) . Due to the metal- to- metal contact a better masticatory efficiency is achieved. Levin ( 7 ) reveals that utilizing these dentitions it might be hard to accomplish balanced occlusion in add-on to being inaesthetic. The concluding particular tooth signifier is the Sosin bladed tooth. Levin ( 7 ) studies that it was introduced by M.B Sosin and that he designed them by puting a blade on the whole occlusal surface of grinders and bicuspids of maxillary dentitions. He placed metal tabular arraies on the inframaxillary dental plate dentitions to oppose these blades. The dentitions were extremely efficient but were inaesthetic and required a tooth doctor with adept accomplishments to put them up. Veeraiyan et Al. ( 5 ) that nowadays the best masticatory efficiency is exhibited by Sosin bladed dentitions. Fig. 1

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The developments the electronic TV Technology- only write my part in this essy which is (How it's work) - Essay Example Srivastava (2009) states that an LCD display is possible when opposite polarized glass are placed on both sides of a crystal. The liquid crystals are split into small parts which are known as pixels; pixels can be considered as the smallest unit of screen resolution. Kondolojy states in one his articles that these pixels have the same features as the liquid crystals. The have an alternating behaviour in allowing the light to pass through them. The crystal molecules are activated or deactivated on the screen on the basis of the image that is to be generated. LCD TV Reviews UK (2009) explains that the front screen which is made of glass is imprinted with a grid. This facilitates the alternating behavior of the crystal molecules between activation and deactivation. Crystal molecules do not emit light therefore a system has to be put in to do the job. A backlight system provides the necessary light to the molecules which is required to produce an picture on the screen. LCD TV Reviews UK (2009) explains that there are three backlight systems that are commonly used in LCD TVs; EL system (Electro Luminescent), CCFL system (Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp) and LED system (Light Emitting Diode). TopBits.com describes the process and states that when a picture is required to be displayed on the screen of the LCD TV, electric current is allowed to be passed through the crystal molecules. The amount of electric current corresponds to the intensity of the colours required for each pixel. A unique feature of the crystal molecules is that they act as shutters and allow only specific amount of light to pass through them. If there is a requirement of a dark picture on the screen then the molecules will prevent light from going out of them. In the same way, lighter picture will make the molecules emit corresponding amount of light. Tyson states that due to the variation in the emitting of the light, the output on the screen will be exactly similar to the input

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ICT Policy Evaluation and Compliance Research Paper

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Phenomenology approach Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Phenomenology approach - Research Paper Example Its effects in academics and hands’ dependent activities hinder the victims’ performance levels and therefore put them at a disadvantage as compared to normal people (Nicholls and Jones, 2012). This research explores effects of technology in empowering people with fine motor skill disabilities in graphic design and is significant because an identified association will add value to the victims’ lives as well as to the scope of graphic design. The research explores the following question, The research’s sample consists of college students who have been diagnosed with the disability, their parents, and their lecturers. Students will be identified from their respective college health record and their parents and lecturers identified. This will form a sample space that will then be selected, randomly, to generate 27 participants with at least 11 students. Data will be collected through personal observations and interviews. Both data collection tools will be used to collect data from the students while interviews will be used to collect data from the sampled parents and lecturers. Observation will involve witnessing the students’ attitude towards technological aids for graphic designs and their achieved success in design under the technological aids while interviews will involve experiences with the students’ interactions with the aids (Johnson and Chrisensen,

Inventory Management Essay Example for Free

Inventory Management Essay Inventory is the quantity or total amount of goods and materials in a store or factory for some immediate or some future use. The reasons for holding more than adequate stocks of inventory would be 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to keep business operations running and to meet current orders 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to meet unforeseen demand and to effectively meet customer orders 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to take care of the lead time , ie , the time gap between ordering the stores and   receiving them and place orders accordingly 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to use as a hedge against price increases and inflation and control losses 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to even out erratic demand requirements. Inventory control or inventory management is an attempt to maintain an adequate supply of goods while minimizing inventory costs resulting from obtaining and holding inventory with the purpose of providing information to â€Å"efficiently manage the flow of materials, effectively utilize people and equipment, coordinate internal activities and communicate with the customers.†Ã‚   .   Some of the terminologies related to inventory management are EOQ-Economic Order Quantity   or how much to order SAFETY STOCKS- how much inventory to hold on hand REORDER LEVEL – the minimum levels of stocks at which new order for stocks is to be placed. Visual control –enables the manager to examine the inventory visually and determine if more inventory is required. Tickler control -enables the manager to physically count a small portion of the inventory each day so as to cover the entire range of inventory regularly over several days. Click sheet control is a method whereby the manager records the item as it is used on a sheet of paper. This information is used while determining the reorder levels.   Stub control (used by retailers) enables the manager to retain a portion of the price ticket when the item is sold. The manager can then use the stub to record the item. Point-of-sale terminals relay information on each item used or sold. The manager receives information printouts at regular intervals for review and action. Off-line point-of-sale terminals relay information directly to the suppliers computer who uses the information to ship additional items automatically to the buyer/inventory manager. The final method for inventory control is done by an outside agency. A manufacturers representative visits the large retailer on a scheduled basis, takes the stock count and writes the reorder. Unwanted merchandise is removed from stock and returned to the manufacturer through a predetermined, authorized procedure.